Search results for " neuroinflammation"

The iNOS Activity During an Immune Response Controls the CNS Pathology in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2019

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a critical role in the regulation of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Previous studies have shown that iNOS plays pathogenic as well as regulatory roles in MS and EAE. However, how does iNOS alters the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS) in neuronal autoimmunity is not clearly understood. In the present work, we show that treatment of mice with L-NAME, an iNOS inhibitor, during the antigen-priming phase primarily alters brain pathology, while in the subsequent effector phase of the immune response, the spinal cord is involved. Inhibition of iNOS during the priming phase of the immune res…

Mystic Acetaldehyde: The Never-Ending Story on Alcoholism

2017

After decades of uncertainties and drawbacks, the study on the role and significance of acetaldehyde in the effects of ethanol seemed to have found its main paths. Accordingly, the effects of acetaldehyde, after its systemic or central administration and as obtained following ethanol metabolism, looked as they were extensively characterized. However, almost 5 years after this research appeared at its highest momentum, the investigations on this topic have been revitalized on at least three main directions: (1) the role and the behavioral significance of acetaldehyde in different phases of ethanol self-administration and in voluntary ethanol consumption; (2) the distinction, in the central e…

Proinflammatory and amyloidogenic S100A9 induced by traumatic brain injury in mouse model.

2019

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant risk factor for development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. The S100A9-driven amyloid-neuroinflammatory cascade occurring during primary and secondary TBI events can serve as a mechanistic link between TBI and Alzheimer’s as demonstrated recently in the human brain tissues. Here by using immunohistochemistry in the controlled cortical impact TBI mouse model we have found pro-inflammatory S100A9 in the brain tissues of all mice on the first and third post-TBI days, while 70% of mice did not show any S100A9 presence on seventh post-TBI day similar to controls. This indicates that defensive mechanisms effe…

Exosomes as mediators of neuron-glia communication in neuroinflammation

2019

In recent years, a type of extracellular vesicles named exosomes has emerged that play an important role in intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions. These nanovesicles (30–150 nm) contain proteins, RNAs and lipids, and their internalization by bystander cells could alter their normal functions. This review focuses on recent knowledge about exosomes as messengers of neuron-glia communication and their participation in the physiological and pathological functions in the central nervous system. Special emphasis is placed on the role of exosomes under toxic or pathological stimuli within the brain, in which the glial exosomes containing inflammatory molecules…

Current disease modifying approaches to treat Parkinson's disease

2015

Parkinson's disease (PD is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration and death of midbrain dopamine and non-dopamine neurons in the brain leading to motor dysfunctions and other symptoms, which seriously influence the quality of life of PD patients. The drug L-dopa can alleviate the motor symptoms in PD, but so far there are no rational therapies targeting the underlying neurodegenerative processes. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms causing neuronal loss are not fully understood which has hampered the development of new drugs and disease-modifying therapies. Neurotrophic factors are by virtue of their survival promoting activities attract candi…

Anticancer Potential of Citrus Juices and Their Extracts: A Systematic Review of Both Preclinical and Clinical Studies

2017

Background: During the last decades, a huge body of evidence has been accumulated suggesting that Citrus fruits and their juices might have a role in preventing many diseases including cancer. Objective: To summarize the numerous evidences on the potential of Citrus juices and their extracts as anticancer agents. Data sources: A systematic review of articles written in English using MEDLINE (1946-present), EMBASE (1974-present) and Web of Sciences (1970-present) was performed independently by two reviewers. Search terms included Citrus, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, Citrus fruits, Citrus fruits extract, cancer, neoplasm, neoplasia, tumor, metastasis, carcinogenesis,…

Disease-modifying drugs can reduce disability progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis

2020

Abstract An ever-expanding number of disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis have become available in recent years, after demonstrating efficacy in clinical trials. In the real-world setting, however, disease-modifying drugs are prescribed in patient populations that differ from those included in pivotal studies, where extreme age patients are usually excluded or under-represented. In this multicentre, observational, retrospective Italian cohort study, we evaluated treatment exposure in three cohorts of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis defined by age at onset: paediatric-onset (≤18 years), adult-onset (18–49 years) and late-onset multiple sclerosis (≥50 years). We…

Aging Successfully: The Role of Genetics and Environment in the Era of the Aging-Boom. Potential Therapeutic Implications

2019

Aging is one of the main health-related challenges in the world. The average life expectancy of the global population at birth is increasing up to 72 years, in 2016 and it increases about two years every decade. The healthcare costs in many countries are very high because of the increased number of unhealthy populations, and the consequent increase of severe age-related disabilities [1]. Therefore, the goal of the future should be the achievement of the so-called “health-span” (healthy-life-span), more than the treatment of age-related disease to prevent the collapse of the health system. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary to identify new targets and biomarkers and to addre…

NEUROINFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTIC IMBALANCE IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

2020

Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Hypertension-Brain-Induced Complications: Focus on Molecular Mediators.

2021

There is growing evidence that hypertension is the most important vascular risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The brain is an early target of hypertension-induced organ damage and may manifest as stroke, subclinical cerebrovascular abnormalities and cognitive decline. The pathophysiological mechanisms of these harmful effects remain to be completely clarified. Hypertension is well known to alter the structure and function of cerebral blood vessels not only through its haemodynamics effects but also for its relationships with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. In the last several years, new possible mechani…